A Brief History of Amazon Women

#misandry

The Amazon women are originally found in Greek myth as a representation of wild, dark, feminine forces that need to be tamed by male civilization.  Typically portrayed as (sometimes promiscuous, sometimes virginal) women instilled with a hatred of men and marriage, they represented a kind of gender deviance that was “othered” in order to define the sexual morality and identities of Athenian women.  Derived from the Greek “a-mazos” meaning “without a breast”, implying a lack of maternal instinct or interest, their male offspring were commonly emasculated, crippled, killed, or sent away—a rejection of maleness that opposed the pervasive Greek desire for legitimate male heirs.  Archaic male authors wrote of

the Amazon women for centuries, highlighting Greek anxieties regarding the power and temptations of femininity.  The Amazons could be fearsome rivals or essential allies, but they ultimately existed to be tamed by love or war; a neutralized threat.

Sir John Mandeville’s Amazons were perhaps a bit more sympathetic to a contemporary audience, but were cultural Others nonetheless.  Their rejection of male children echoes the practices of their ancient predecessors; the mutilation of their bodies—the amputation of a single breast—could represent a contrasting rejection of femininity, placing them in a gender grey-area which allows them to exist beyond (or perhaps somewhere in between) the medieval virgin/whore dichotomy.  We later see them as necessary guardians of Alexander’s gate, keeping the Jewish population physically isolated from the Christian world—

until the prophesized “end of times”, during which they are doomed to fail.  Although this incarnation of Amazonians serves a functional societal purpose, they are not fully integrated into any aspect of “normal” society, and will eventually be ineffectual.  Thriving under a matriarchal democracy that rejects any notion of patriarchal monarchy, these women exist in a liminal space, simultaneously empowered by their freely-existing femininity but nevertheless subject to the perspectives and desires of Christian hegemony.

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Like her ancient and medieval counterparts, Wonder Woman—Princess Diana of Themyscria—is an

Amazonian character created by a male author in order to establish boundaries or guidelines for the behavior of women.  American psychologist William Moulton Marston created Wonder Woman as “psychological propaganda for the new type of woman who should, I believe, rule the world.”  This proto-feminist notion is, like historical portrayals of Amazon women, complicated by social ambivalence; Marston’s Wonder Woman is a simultaneously empowering and limiting figure , encouraging women to be strong like Diana whilst eliminating from their aspirations any value that she does not stand for.  Marston's motives in Diana's creation complicate her existence as a feminist icon, despite the fact that she is a truly admirable and complex character.

Ultimately, the pervasive presence of these Amazonian figures throughout literary history illustrates the symbiotic relationship between mythology and culture; by systematically creating and portraying atypical characters, authors have the power to establish (sometimes problematic) guidelines for the behavior of society at large.

Gender in the Middle Ages was more liberated than it is now???

Despite how most people may view the Middle Ages, its emphasis on gender roles was no wear near as conservative and ridiculous as the culture we’ve developed today. The difference in rigidity in gender roles between now and Medieval society is clearly shown by the anxiety expressed in writing of that time. Medieval writers seem unsure how to confront the issue of women being powerful and courageous and men being…well, women.  In contrast, our mainstream conceptions of gender are comfortably portrayed in very rigid roles, nowhere near as controversial and much blander than Medieval men and women.

In the Historia Brutus prays to Diana, goddess of the hunt. As a man who is supposed to be the ultimate hunter – the one who makes even pincer attacks manly – this seems a little problematic. In class we’ve also discussed how Mary transcends womanhood to take on the role of a savior in The Prioresses’ Tale. But does a woman have to be or become a god to contradict gender roles? I think Albina and Custance from The Man of Law’s Tale prove that they don’t have to defy humanity to become great. Both women were subjects of writing that portrayed them as defying the limitations set on women in that age.

What is more a complicated issue is the portrayal of men and men in relation to women in medieval literature. In all tales of Medieval heroes, a prevailing, although somewhat quieted, theme is how much sex the heroes are having. In addition to their hyper-masculine portrayals, I think this overcompensation would indicate insecurity in male roles. This expectation of males to be extremely sexual beings is the same if not worse today.

Because of rape culture today, men face a barrage of expectations and are penalized heavily if they don’t conform – especially at an early age. People weren’t prosecuted for being something in the Middle Ages, as we have discussed. In contrast, today we put an extreme amount of value on things like gender and sexuality. If people don’t conform to societal perimeters of their gender, they are automatically othered. Proof of this can be seen in ingrained cultural aspects like the use of “gay” as a negative term and the attachment to this term of any sort of deviation from gender norms – for example, the stereotype of gay men as feminine.

Oddly enough, the reaction to gender stereotypes has lead to even stricter definitions and classifications. A great example of this is the cable show, The Big Bang Theory, which, instead of contesting a more realistic role for men, further divides its characters into nerds and only complicates stereotypes about “unmasculine” behavior. If this behavior keeps up, we will end up with an impossibly complicated and even more unachievable idea of gender than we had before. At least in the Middle Ages they were willing to experiment with roles and weren’t afraid to defy stereotypes.

Of course, there are some lesser known shows and many books that are already working against this notion of restricted gender roles. Not to mention an ever growing movement being led by the trans and gender non-conforming communities of the world. In the interest of space it was easier to focus on the mainstream and its ever tighter constrictions on gender.